Electrical & Electronics tools
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Series resistor networkR = R₁ + R₂Two resistors in parallelR = R₁R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)Unloaded voltage dividerVout = Vin × R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)LED series resistorR = (Vs − Vf) / (I / 1000)Resistor heat dissipation from currentP = I²RResistor heat dissipation from voltageP = V² / RRC time constantτ = R × C × 10⁻⁶RL time constantτ = (L / 1000) / RCapacitor stored energyE = ½CV²Inductor stored energyE = ½LI²Capacitive reactanceXc = 1 / (2πfC)Inductive reactanceXL = 2πfLLC resonant frequencyf = 1 / (2π√LC)Single-phase AC real powerP = Vrms × Irms × PFBalanced three-phase real powerP = √3 × Vline × Iline × PFSine-wave RMS from peakVrms = Vpeak / √2Ideal transformer secondary voltageVs = Vp × Ns / NpNominal battery energyWh = V × mAh / 1000Battery runtime at constant loadRuntime = 60 × Wh × usable fraction / WIdeal battery charging timeTime = Ah / A